Nascita dei Foreign Fighters. Combattenti europei in Oriente dopo le guerre napoleoniche

In the first forty years of the Nineteenth Century, Istanbul, Lahore, Tehran recruited many European officers: veterans of the Grande Armée, Frenchs, above all (such as Jean-Francois Allard and Claude Auguste Court), but also Italians, coming from the ranks of the armies of the Kingdom of Italy of Eugene of Beauharnais and the Kingdom of Naples of Gioacchino Murat (Rubino Ventura and Paolo Avitabile), who had not been integrated or had not wanted to integrate into the military system of the Habsburgs and Bourbons. Together with them they reached the Ottoman Empire, veterans of the Armia Księstwa Warszawskiego, the Army of the Duchy of Warsaw. And subsequently the Polish cadets of the Warsaw Military Academy reached Istanbul, after having been defeated by the Russian troops during the revolt which arose on 28 November 1830 against tsarist rule.